Software Architecture Design Approach

Software Architecture Design Approach Rizwan Umaid Ali 1 Generate and Test as a Software Architecture Design Approach 1.1 About the Writer Len Bass from the Software Engineering Institute, CMU. Published in European Conference on Software Architecture 2009. 1.2 Introduction Software Architecture design has become a fundamental component of software development life cycle. As other components of life cycle testing the design of the architecture is important and relates directly to overall quality of the Software Application. 1.3 Problem To make a Software Architecture a design decision process that can test the design hypothesis, test quality of it and identify issues and rank them on the basis of priority. The process will develop test case on each step of design process. This will result a sequential process in which each design will be developed and tested and thus improving the overall design quality of software system. 1.4 Design Hypothesis Most designs are created in the context of an existing system, even it is created from scratch and not being modified. Consider this our initial hypothesis can come from following sources: The system we will modify or the new functionality we will add. A functionally similar system. A framework designed to provide services which will help in design process. A collection of legacy/open-source applications. 1.5 Establish Test Cases After we have our initial hypothesis we have to determine how to identify if design satisfies the quality benchmark expected from the application. For this we have to establish test cases and identify three sources for it. Identify perspectives which can be used to generate test cases. Identify architecturally significant requirements. View specific use cases. A number of use cases can be derived by thinking about specific architectural views. 1.6 Test Procedure Having the test cases of design hypothesis, following methods can be used to test the design and detect its shortcomings. Analytic models using quality attributes. Develop simulations of how design will support the test cases. Create prototype of initial design. Needs more effort but gives best result. 1.7 Test Result and Next Hypothesis The test result will either show that the design hypothesis passes all tests and fulfills the quality requirement or there are shortcomings. The quality attributes these shortcomings relate to should be identified first. We can use two approaches to alter the design. Apply architectural patterns to problems detected. Use architectural tactics to address for specific quality attributes. The updated/next hypothesis will go through the above process recursively until the design with required quality is achieved or the time allocated for the design process runs out. 1.8 Conclusion This paper presents a software architecture design process where we will test, validate and update our design until it reaches the quality benchmark. The architect of the software system can use this process to identify shortcomings and make decisions for alternative design structures. 2 SecArch: Architecture-level Evaluation and Testing for Security 2.1 About the Writer Sarah Al-Azzani and Rami Bahsoon from University of Birmingham. Published in Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA) in 2012. 2.2 Introduction Software architecture models or views are evaluated for detecting problems early in the software development lifecycle. We can detect critical security vulnerabilities at this stage and get a chance to improve quality at a very low cost. This paper presents methodology for detecting security vulnerabilities caused by implied scenarios and race conditions. 2.3 Problem Incorporating multiple views of an architecture and studying the communications between them and give ways analyze security concerns in concurrent systems. This will done by comparison between complete vs incomplete system models using two methods, one for detecting implied scenarios using behaviour models, and one for detecting race conditions using scenario diagrams. 2.4 Scenario-based specifications Scenario-based specifications are based on procedural-flow through components. Each scenario explains a partial view of the concurrent system. The scenario-based model will have following three properties: the composition of scenarios from multiple component views of the software system, the possible continuations between multiple scenario and the hidden implied scenarios. 2.5 Implied Scenarios Implied scenarios can be formed my dynamically combining two different scenarios together and provide an architectural flow for them is state representation. Below is an example of behavior model which is combining two different scenarios together. It uses an incremental algorithm for detecting inconsistent implied scenarios from sequence models. Figure 1 behavior model example 2.6 Detecting Race Conditions We can apply race condition scenarios to above model and identify security vulnerabilities. Below are the 3 possible cases. Â · Race Condition 1: disabling the server during authentication. Â · Race Condition 2: what happens when the user commits to buy an item while the server is being disabled. Â · Race Condition 3: what happens when the server is disabled while the user is logging off. Below are sequence diagrams for these three race conditions. Figure 2 Race Conditions 2.7 Conclusion This paper presented an incremental architecture evaluation method that merges behavior models with structural analysis for improved detection of inconsistencies. We examined the concept of implied scenarios and detection of race conditions. The writer also compared his proposed method with current industry practices and tested the on industry projects. He found that his method can give better results. The future work will focus on generating test cases to perform live testing on the system under test. 3 Towards a Generic Architecture for Multi-Level Modeling 3.1 About the Writer Thomas Aschauer, Gerd Dauenhauer, Wolfgang Pree from University of Salzburg. Published in European Conference on Software Architecture 2009. 3.2 Introduction Software architecture modeling frameworks are essential for representing architecture and their views and the viewpoints they are derived from. Conventional modeling approaches like UML do not have sufficient complexity to explain the models and meta-models (defining the models) of architecture. 3.3 Problem General purpose meta-models are used in the conventional modeling techniques, which are not sufficient for modern software models. Model driven architecture has to use more generic approach to describe multilevel architecture. 3.4 model-driven engineering and parameter generation Model-driven engineering (MDE) is method for managing complexities of developing large software intensive systems. The models in MDE are the main artifacts describing a system going under design process. This paper aims at developing a framework for model-driven generation of automation system configuration parameters using a testbed platform. The configuration parameters for the automation system can be generated automatically when a testbed model includes hardware and software components. Figure 3 Testbed configuration MDE 3.5 Presented Prototypical implementation The below example explain the modeling approach presented in this paper. Component is an example of the fixed meta-model elements represented as code in the environment. Different types of engines can now be either initiated using the Component, or by cloning the initial Engine and copying t to new engine. In the example, the Engine has two attributes, Inertia and MaxSpeed. In prototypical approach each element is an instance and must provide values to these attributes. Diesel and Otto represent two kinds of engines; since they are cloned from Engine, they receive copies of the attributes Inertia and MaxSpeed, as well as their values. Italics script is used to mark such copied attributes; grey text is used to express that the attribute values are kept unchanged. Figure 4 Meta-models example In Figure 4 DType represents a family of diesel engines. D1 finally is a concrete, physically existing member. 3.6 Conclusion This paper we presented applications of multi-level modeling in the domain of testbed automation systems and why conventional modeling is insufficient for our MDE requirements and how multi-level modeling can solve the representation issues. They presented an approach to represent models in much more detail with simple notations. 4 Automated reliability prediction from formal architectural descriptions 4.1 About the Writer JoËÅ" ao M. Franco, Raul Barbosa and MÂ ´ ario Zenha-Rela University of Coimbra, Portugal. Published in Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA) in 2012. 4.2 Introduction Assessment of quality attributes (i.e., non-functional requirements, such as performance, safety or reliability) of software architectures during design phase so early decisions are validated and the quality requirements are achieved. 4.3 Problem These quality requirements are most often manually checked, which is time consuming and error-prone due to the overwhelmingly complexity of designs. A new approach to assess the reliability of software architectures. It consists in extracting and validating a Markov model from the system specification written in an Architecture Description Language (ADL). 4.4 Reliability Prediction Process There are many different methods to achieve reliability prediction are known, each targeting diverse failure behaviours and different reliability assessment methods. The writer presented the below process for reliability prediction. Architecture and Module identification and their interactions. The Probability of Failure specified in terms of a percentage. Combining the architecture with the failure behaviour. Below is an example of batch sequential style state model using the Marov model. Figure 5 Markov model example Validation of the Process The validation of the process presented by the writer was done in two steps: Validity of Reliability Prediction Validity with different architectural styles. The validations were compared to previous research studies. It was found that results were similar proving that the mathematical models were accurate. 5 In Search of a Metric for Managing Architectural Technical Debt 5.1 About the Writer Robert L. Nord and Ipek Ozkaya from the Software Engineering Institute, CMU. Published in European Conference on Software Architecture 2009. 5.2 Introduction The technical debt is trade-off between short-term and long-term value. Taking shortcuts to optimize the delivery of features in the short term incurs debt, analogous to financial debt, that must be paid off later to optimize long-term success. This paper demonstrates a architecture focused and measurement based approach to calculate technical debt by describing an application under development. 5.3 Problem Technical debt thoroughly relays on system evaluation. An organization which has to evolve its system has to make sure if future development will not increase its debt and have a lower cost. In this paper the writer develops a metric that assists in strategically managing technical debt. 5.4 Architecture Debt Analysis We will analyze technical debt on two different paths. Both paths have different priorities. Path# 1: Deliver soon. To deliver a working version of the system quickly, the plan calls for making the minimum required effort at the beginning. Path #2: Reduce rework and enable compatibility. Requires an investment in infrastructure during the first deliveries. Cost compression of both paths is illustrated in the table below. Table 1 Cost Comparison We can calculate the total cost T with a function taking implementation cost and rework cost as input. T = F( Ci, Cr) For simplicity we consider the function sums both the cost up only. We can now compare the total cost with the cumulative cost. Table 2 Cost comparison with cumulative cost 5.5 Modeling Rework In Agile software development an important challenge is to give value to long term goals then short term. The cost of taking an architectural design decision today always has a lower cost than refactoring the design in future implementations. An organization should have the following prospective towards its technical debt. Focusing on short term goals puts the organization technical jeopardy, when the debt cannot be further handled. Using shortcuts can give success on short term until the rework costs starts to come and the cost and timeline becomes unmanageable. The architectural decisions requires active follow-ups and continuous cost analysis. This is to make sure that the design decision will make an impact in future costs of development. 5.6 Conclusion From this research we conclude that the future development of well-designed application has lower cost and is less tentative. Therefore the technical debt in lower if the architecture is well defined and fulfills quality attributes requirement. 6 Research Topic: Testing Software Architectural Changes and adapting best practices to achieve highest quality in a quantifiable manner. 6.1 Introduction We have looked into testing methodologies and design process and possible technical debt on software architecture. We now look how our technical debt will be effected if due t future requirements the architecture have to be changed. 6.2 Proposed Research Problem We will first Estimating Technical debt onExistingSoftware architecture and Software system. Then using Design changes and code changes for estimating technical debt and quality attributes. The prediction is made based on comparisons with similar change bursts that occurred in the Architecture. The views of software architecture will be used. This is applicable in Agile Development. 6.3 Types of changes We can classify each type of change in architecture by analyzing the overall impact of it on the architecture and possibilities of technical debt from it. We also assign a propagation value to each type of debt so that its estimated suavity can be quantified. Small architectural change in one or some views. Low Technical Debt increase (0.10) Addition of new architecture. Architecture for new functionality added. Medium Technical Debt increase (0.30) Small changes in several views. High Technical Debt increase (0.60) Massive architectural change is several views. High Technical Debt increase (0.80) 6.4 Proposed Solution After analyzing research papers and book ‘Software Architecture in Practice’, I can give following points on how the technical debt of new architecture can be managed. Compare updated architecture and see how the updates have increased the technical debt. Apply same test cases which were used in the initial software architecture. See how quality attributes are increased or decreased after the update. 6.5 Reduction of Technical Debt To reduce the technical debt after architectural changes following strategies can be adopted. 6.5.1 Refactoring Apply architectural patterns to improve several quality attributes. Use architectural tactics to address for specific quality attributes. 6.5.2 Retaining existing Architecture Models Continue the existing architecture in patterns. Search for Modifiability tactics already used. Stick to that tactics. 7 References [1] Len Bass: Generate and test as a software architecture design approach. WICSA/ECSA 2009 Page 309 – 312. [2] Sarah Al-Azzani and Rami Bahsoon. SecArch: Architecture-level Evaluation and Testing for Security. In 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA), pages 51 60, Aug. 2012. [3] Thomas Aschauer, Gerd Dauenhauer, Wolfgang Pree. Towards a Generic Architecture for Multi-Level Modeling. European Conference on Software Architecture 2009 Page 121 130. [4] J. Franco, R. Barbosa, and M. Zenha-Rela. Automated reliability prediction from formal architectural descriptions. In 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA), pages 302 -309, Aug. 2012. [5] R. Nord, I. Ozkaya, P. Kruchten, and M. Gonzalez-Rojas, In search of a metric for managing architectural technical debt, in 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture and 6th European Conference on Software Architecture, 2012, pp. 91-100.

Don Benito Cereno: No Future without the Past

A. P. English September 22, 2012 No Future Without the Past By: Bernice Mojica â€Å"But the past is past; why moralize upon it? Forget it. See, yon bright sun has forgotten it all, and the blue sea, and the blue sky; these have turned over new leaves. † â€Å"Because they have no memory,† he dejectedly replied; â€Å"because they are not human. † â€Å"But these mild trades that now fan your cheek, Don Benito, do they not come with a human-like healing to you? Warm friends, steadfast friends are the trades. â€Å"With their steadfastness they but waft me to my tomb, Senor,† was the foreboding response. â€Å"You are saved, Don Benito,† cried Captain Delano, more and more astonished and pained; â€Å"you are saved; what has cast such a shadow upon you? † â€Å"The Negro. † (pg. 75) -Melville, Herman. Benito Cereno. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. , 1990 Don Benito Cereno’s epiphany over the mistake of underestimating the Neg roes keeps him moralized upon the past, rather than accepting his wrong doings and modifying them into optimistic beneficial accomplishments.To prove that his way of thinking is keeping him from moving on, Captain Delano advices him that, â€Å"the past is past; why moralize upon it? † Delano is letting him know that he can’t hold himself back from a great future based on a rotten past. Although selfishness is looked upon as a sinful thought, pleasing one’s self is still considered a good intention. Delano comforts Cereno by indirectly assuring him that he should never regret what has been done, because during the moment of that action, there was always a reasonable purpose to be followed.Those experiences taught him how to become a better human being; hence, if he didn’t go through any of that, he would not have the current regretful feelings he has at the end of the novel. Delano alludes to Benito that if the world is able to metamorphose, then so can h e; â€Å"See, yon bright sun has forgotten it all, and the blue sea, and the blue sky; these have turned over new leaves. † These are all forms of our dynamic nature which juxtapose Benito’s static character. DonBenito comes to realize that the population he had once tortured is the same as those who have morally and mentally saved him. This is translated when Captain Delano asks him, â€Å"you are saved; what has cast such a shadow upon you? † and Cereno replies that â€Å"the Negro† is what has cast the shadow upon him. The Negroes aboard the San Dominick represent â€Å"blackness†. Therefore, Cereno is implying that blackness is the evil within human nature, which the black ethnic group metaphorically represents.Blackness is a connotation of an actual color, and in this case, it is also the live image of what us humans believe stands for worthlessness and diabolic. This comparison is an oxymoron to what Cereno is referring to. If you recall, Cer eno had stated that he was saved because of this blackness; which I had just mentioned was unholy. This contradiction establishes how there is no future without the past; how you cannot grow without a base to keep yourself standing. There is no need for change if there is nothing destructive keeping you from reaching your goals.Cereno believes he himself was the destructiveness keeping the Negroes from fulfilling their wishes of being able to see their families again. This brings about the empathy that the reader feels towards him in the end. With this passage being at the end of the novel, it clearly exhibits a stable theme for the novel as a whole. Race seems to be the common denominator throughout the story. This is supported by the fact that it was written during the 1850’s; when slavery was most popular.Melville seems to realize that this sort of power over other humans was morally wrong and he did not agree with what was socially acceptable. Our generations have been ta ught that we should never judge a book by its cover, therefore, we should not judge a man by his color. You should never underestimate a man based on what he doesn’t have, but rather estimate his power based on what he does have. Now that Don Benito Cereno comes to terms with the equality of all men, he took the first step into admitting his mistakes and chooses to follow a leader rather than being one.

The True Meaning of Ap Lit Essay Samples Poem

The True Meaning of Ap Lit Essay Samples Poem Using Ap Lit Essay Samples Poem All that information typically provides the reader a more in-depth grasp of the poem, and it appears self-explanatory that a person who has an improved comprehension of the poem would have a less difficult time conducting an analysis of that poem. It's definitely important to reread the literary piece several times in order to find a complete grasp of the many suggestions and concepts. You must find the most suitable resources for your essay in addition to patience when finding the most suitable inspiration to write. The main portion of a quick essay is known as the body. How the poem is in 2nd person also raises the intimacy of the poem. Every one of the Roman numerals used to label this region of the outline should denote a distinct subject area in regard to the poem which will be discussed in the essay. You're not trying to draw folks to your side with emotions. Know as much as possible about your side, but know equally as much if not more regarding the opposing side too. Writing a persuasive essay can be complicated because you're not merely presenting the research materials which you have gathered but you're trying to influence your readers. It is a very powerful tool. It has been around for quite a long time. Writing of graduate essays is merely one of the services which we provide to people who want quality scholarships. Your introductory paragraph ought to be clear and concise just enjoy the example. Poetry analysis is just the procedure for reviewing the multiple artistic, functional, and structural pieces that compose a poem. Ther e's several essays completed by them. These examples can explain how to compose an impressive essay, and the way to use proper transitions to continue to keep your story on track. Understanding Ap Lit Essay Samples Poem Our purpose is to supply you with a professionally written essay on the subject you require. At this time, you might very well be thinking that you're finished with your essay, but you're not. All essays will have a particular topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. There is only one difference within this prompt, and it lies within this synthesis essay you should write. There is a particular essay in the prompt that you should analyze. Your facts ought to be truthful. Make certain to read your essay and make certain it is logical. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. How can you compose a fantastic argumentative essay. Of all Of the kinds of essay, writing a brief essay may appear to be the easiest. Ap Lit Essay Samples Poem - the Conspiracy Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. Employing reliable sources for research is important. If you are in need of a website that will supply you with an all-inclusive collection of samples, then you're at the appropriate place. Today, there are numerous on-line websites that provide sample papers. The Fundamentals of Ap Lit Essay Samples Poem Revealed When picking a high school essay format, the initial step is to spot the sort of essay you want to write. This provides you with an edge from your classmates. No need to be worried about choosing GED lessons in a tangible classroom. Let's have a peek at its advantages and disadvantages. That is the reason why you should learn to deal with AP English essay prompts. Many people think that high school entrance essays are comparatively simpler to write than college entrance essays, that's the reason there are fewer places where you are able to get assistance with higher school entrance essays. Top Ap Lit Essay Samples Poem Secrets After the mother's or child's life is in danger. Let's say your topic is to talk about an extracurricular activity that has played a huge effect on your life. A little one needs certain conditions as a way to live. The parents might not be able to supply the financial and emotional support to the kid. When you're in high school, it's definite that you're expected to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. Buy essays from us and you could always be sure of excellent paper that could assure you quality grade. Thus choosing an expert for doing your essays could be the proper selection. Students should choose which position they ought to take based upon the number and caliber of the points they're in a position to come up with to support their position.

The Origins Of Humanity And Major Periods Middle Ages,...

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